Three years after the lifting of Covid-19 lockdowns, UK airports are experiencing a significant resurgence in passenger numbers, prompting renewed discussions about expansion plans. Heathrow Airport, Europe's largest aviation hub, is revisiting its £14bn third runway project, while Gatwick Airport is preparing to present plans for converting an emergency landing strip into a full runway.
The UK's aviation sector, ranking third globally behind the United States and China, plays a crucial role in the nation's economy. Heathrow Airport alone accounts for 20% of UK trade by value and attracts visitors who contribute £20bn annually to the economy. Each aircraft based in the UK supports 400 jobs and adds £27m in gross value.
However, the push for expansion faces opposition from environmental groups and local residents concerned about noise and air pollution. The debate highlights the tension between economic growth and environmental sustainability.
The Labour government's stance on airport expansion remains ambiguous. While some party members have expressed openness to increasing airport capacity, others emphasize the need to meet climate obligations and address local concerns.
UK airports are already operating at or near capacity. Heathrow Airport experienced its busiest day ever on August 18, 2024, serving 269,000 travelers. Gatwick Airport, the world's busiest single-runway airport, reports inability to accommodate more aircraft during peak periods.
Internationally, airports face similar challenges. Dublin Airport, despite opening a second runway in 2022, is constrained by a passenger cap of 32 million. Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport, western Europe's third-busiest, has been ordered to reduce flights to address noise concerns.
Gatwick Airport CEO Stewart Wingate is optimistic about the airport's £2.2bn expansion plan, which could increase capacity from 45 million to 75 million passengers annually by the mid-2030s. The proposal is expected to be reviewed by the government in early 2025.
"As one flight fades away the next one comes over. It impacts our ability to enjoy where we live, our children's learning and our mental and physical health."
Local opposition remains strong, with concerns about increased noise pollution and the impact on quality of life. Heathrow Airport is exploring ways to maximize passenger numbers within its current flight limit of 480,000 per year, including expanding Terminal 5.
The Climate Change Committee, an independent advisory body, has recommended against airport expansion until a framework for managing emissions is established. The aviation industry argues that technological advancements, such as sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), can help achieve net-zero emissions. Heathrow Airport expects SAF to comprise 2.5% of its fuel usage in 2024, progressing towards the government's target of 10% by 2030.
As the government weighs its decision, it must balance economic growth with environmental obligations and local concerns. The outcome will significantly impact the future of UK aviation and the country's broader economic and environmental goals.